Turkey is a country in the Middle East. It opens onto the Balkan Peninsula and along the Mediterranean Sea. This beautiful country borders Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Armenia, Iran and Iraq. Turkey is a very diverse state. This diversity ranges from mountainous terrain to arid plateaus and coastal plains.
This destination is unique and contains a singular mix of cultures and religions. Indeed, it can be said that it holds history and civilisation in its hands. In fact, tourism is still on the rise in Turkey, and for good reason. The country offers a plethora of things to see, do and experience. For example, Istanbul is home to 14 million people, and it is extremely easy to get lost in its narrow, cobbled streets. On the other hand, the Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia are just two examples of beautiful Byzantine architecture to see. And let's not forget to mention the incredible food to try!
Travelling in Turkey: the organised tour
Turkey is a country of contrasts. It is modern, yet deeply rooted in history. It has some of the oldest archaeological sites in the world and some of the most beautiful beaches you will ever see. You can go skiing one day and swimming in the Mediterranean the next. The food is tasty and delicious, and you can find a cheap hotel or hostel almost anywhere you go.
The shopping here is fantastic, from large open-air markets to small artisan shops. Turks have a reputation for being highly skilled craftsmen, so if you're looking for something unique, intricate or handmade, Turkey is a great place to find it. You can get beautiful jewellery, carpets, clothes and other textiles for a fraction of what they would cost in the West.
Travelling to Turkey may seem difficult to arrange. In fact, it's a very rich destination with a variety of experiences. But to discover one of the wonders of the Middle East, you can opt for an organised trip. Turkey is a unique country met at the crossroads of regions and religions that make it a must-see destination for curious travellers. Discover beautiful mosques, lost cities hidden under ruins, natural sites and some of the most vibrant colours everywhere you look. Turkey is a unique experience, and a tour package can be your gateway to the perfect trip. With multi-traveller volume purchases and agency privileges, you can save up to 40% compared to the cost of the same itinerary you create yourself!
The cost of travelling to Turkey
Turkey is a treasure trove of delights for the adventurous traveller. From its incredible historical sites to its turquoise beaches, delicious cuisine and bustling cities, the country offers something for everyone. Whether you're looking to relax on the beach, explore ancient ruins or immerse yourself in a bustling city scene, Turkey has it all. With its location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Turkey also offers the opportunity to enjoy both European and Asian holidays at very affordable prices. If you are looking for a unique destination that connects two continents and offers a wide range of activities in an exotic location with a welcoming culture, Turkey could be your dream destination.
The first thing to know about Turkey is that it is much cheaper than most European countries. You can find incredible hotels, fancy restaurants and chic little cafes that cost only half as much as they would in France, Germany or Italy. Shopping is also excellent - you have to bargain, of course, but the price you bargain for will be a fraction of what you would pay in another European country.
An idea of the price
Being a budget destination, Turkey is an ideal country for backpackers, solo travellers and couples. If you are planning a long holiday in Turkey, such as two weeks or more, your costs will probably be higher. For example, if you pay for your accommodation in advance and plan to visit some of the main tourist attractions during your stay, you can expect to pay around 1,000 euros for a fortnight. But if you're back-packing on a budget or travelling alone and don't plan to stay in the country for too long, your expenses can be much lower than that. In fact, you can spend around €500 travelling in Turkey for three weeks, solo and with as little extra cost as possible.
One last thing to know: exchange rates fluctuate over time, but if your currency is high against the pound at the moment, then better deals await you!
Can you pay in Euros in Turkey?
Turkey is a European country and uses the Turkish lira as its currency. However, this does not mean that you have to pay in pounds when you visit Turkey on holiday. It is possible to pay in Euros in many places. The most common places where you can pay in euros are souvenir shops and some restaurants. If you are travelling as a tourist, these are the two places you will probably visit most often. If you want to pay in cash for transport, some hotels and other services such as taxi, bus and plane tickets, you may need to use the Turkish lira. You can exchange your euros into Turkish pounds at banks or exchange offices in Turkey.
You can also ask if a place accepts euros when you go there if it has not been explicitly mentioned on their website or menu. For example, you can ask "Do you accept credit cards?" after ordering your meal in a restaurant, and then ask "Do you also accept euros?" if they say yes.
Can you use a credit card in Turkey?
You can use your credit card in euros in Turkey. Most shops will accept it. However, you may have to pay a surcharge based on the exchange rate applied by your credit card company.
Instead of using a credit card, we advise you to withdraw money from an ATM. When you use a debit card, there is no commission fee and the bank will give you the best possible exchange rate.
Please note that most ATMs outside Istanbul are not open 24/7 and may run out of money at closing time, so if you need cash, make sure you get it early.
What to do in Turkey in 2023
Turkey is a country with a wide range of holiday options. You can have a relaxing beach holiday or enjoy a city break in Istanbul and other major cities. You can also explore the magnificent ruins of ancient civilisations such as Ephesus and Troy, or go hiking in the mountains of Cappadocia. And if you're looking for something off the beaten track, there are plenty of hidden treasures to discover in this diverse country.
The best time to visit Turkey varies depending on the region you plan to visit. If you are exploring Istanbul or other major cities in western Turkey, spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October) are ideal as temperatures are milder than in summer and winter. The weather is also pleasant in eastern Turkey during these months.
If you want to see snow-capped mountains or explore historical sites such as Ephesus or Troy, then winter (December to March) is the best time.
Turkey is full of natural beauty: snow-capped mountains, sandy coasts and beaches, historic ruins, ancient cities, spectacular national parks, colourful bazaars, bustling markets, exciting cities... There is so much to see and do here that it can be hard to know where to start.
What you need to know before travelling to Turkey:
- Turkey is a large and diverse country
38 million people a year visit Turkey. In fact, it is one of the top 10 tourist destinations in the world. This is because of its history, nature, gastronomy, culture and hospitality. Plus, this country is much bigger than people often expect. Nearly twice the size of California, Turkey has mountains and deserts, forests and farmlands, traditional rural villages and the bustling mega-city of Istanbul.
Rightly famous for its ancient ruins, picturesque coastlines and the fantastic scenery of Cappadocia, Turkey still has many surprises in store. Outdoor enthusiasts will be delighted to hike the Lycian Way above the sparkling Mediterranean Sea. While gourmets can enjoy fine cuisine in Istanbul or delicious regional home cooking and a warm welcome in lokantas.
- Turkey is a destination for all seasons
Summer is the busiest time of the year. It is also the most expensive time to visit Istanbul, Cappadocia and the coast. Cooler temperatures can be found along the Black Sea coast and in the mountains. Winter can be wet and dreary. But you will find good deals on hotels. There is often snow in Cappadocia and the far north and east. Some hotels and beach restaurants close for the season.
Istanbul's cultural calendar is richest in spring and autumn. The lines will be even shorter. The valleys of Cappadocia are particularly beautiful once the wild flowers start to bloom in spring. Autumn is the perfect time for hiking, and even sunbathing along the coast, when the water is warmer than in spring.
- Bus routes travel everywhere
The rapid growth in the number of regional airports in Turkey makes it easy and often inexpensive to travel around the country by air. But if you have time for a more immersive experience, join the locals travelling by bus. Large, comfortable coaches with televisions in the back of the seats and snack and drink service connect most cities.
Minibuses (sometimes called dolmuş) usually serve even rather remote destinations at least once a day. They often bring deliveries as well as passengers. Here, payment is made in cash.
- Museum Pass Istanbul is your ticket to the historical side
The Istanbul Museum Pass that you find at any major site is 185 TL. It is good for five consecutive days of admission to a dozen must-see attractions, as well as discounts at many other places. Pass holders can also avoid queues. Similar passes cover sights in other parts of the country, including the Aegean, the Mediterranean and Cappadocia. For the more ambitious, the Museum Pass Turkey offers entry to 300 sites across the country over a 15-day period.
- Drinking tea is a national activity
You've probably heard of Turkish coffee, but tea is what really fuels the country. In fact, they drink countless small tulip-shaped cups of black tea, usually with a cube (or a few) of sugar. Turks drink more tea per capita than any other country in the world. Ask for your own açık if you want it light. The offer of tea is a very common overture of hospitality. In rural areas or small towns, in particular, it would be easy to spend all day drinking tea with people you pass.
- Sultanahmet is not the only (or the best) area to stay in Istanbul
Istanbul's historic peninsula is full of hotels within walking distance of the city's most famous sites. But you'll get a better sense of the bustling, complicated and modern city by staying outside its tourist district. You'll also find better food and nightlife. The bustling Beyoğlu just across the Golden Horn is perhaps the most attractive option. But boutique hotels in characterful districts like Galata and Karaköy are just as good. And the sights of Sultanahmet are only a few minutes away by tram. The hotels in tony Nişantaşı, the bustling Kadıköy on the Asian side of town and along the banks of the Bosphorus are not as convenient for sightseeing but have their own appeal.
Tourist Attractions in Turkey
I- Hiking;
Turkey is a land of contrasts. Here, ancient civilizations meet modern cities, mountains and seaside offer the perfect setting for a holiday.
Turkey is an ideal place for hiking, with over 11 million acres of protected land in the country. The most popular hiking destinations are Cappadocia and the Nemrut Mountain National Parks. Hiking trails in Turkey include Selime-Sarikavak, the famous red rock valleys of Cappadocia, the Lycian Way; a 450km trail through ancient Lycia; and the St Paul's Trail from Antalya to Kuscetiye.
- Mount Nemrut National Park:
Mount Nemrut National Park is located in southeastern Turkey, in the province of Adıyaman. The park culminates on the western peak of Nemrut Dagi (Mount Nemrut). The latter is one of the most important ancient sites in the region. The Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry declared the area a national park in 1992. The park covers an area of 1,857 hectares and aims to protect its natural environment and cultural heritage. This includes the remains of shrines to deities from different civilizations.
The national park also has many hiking trails through forests, valleys and mountain peaks, as well as caves where ancient peoples lived. There are also many other historical monuments in the landscape, such as stone tombs, altars, temples and towers dating back thousands of years.
- Hiking in Cappadocia
The Cappadocia region is famous for its geological wonders and formations such as fairy chimneys (rock spires), caves, canyons, volcanic rocks and ancient churches in these rocks.
The best hiking trails in Cappadocia are found around the town of Göreme. Göreme is located near a large canyon that stretches for over 48 km. The canyon is the place where most of the hiking trails in Cappadocia are located. The canyon is the place where most of the hiking trails in Cappadocia are located, as it has beautiful landscapes with volcanic rock formations.
Hiking in Göreme is a must for all those who want to immerse themselves in the natural beauty of Turkey. The region has become an international hub for hiking and trekking. In fact, it attracts hikers from all over the world.
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There are many different hikes you can do when visiting Göreme. These include:
1- Red Valley Hike:
This hike offers some of the best views in all of Turkey. It takes you through a gorge with red volcanic rock formations above you on either side of the valley floor below. The hike starts at the end of a small street next to the Akpınar village road and follows a path into the red valley before descending to another path.
2- Hike to Göreme Open Air Museum:
This is one of the most popular hikes in Cappadocia. It takes place at the Goreme Open Air Museum and lasts about three hours starting at 8am.
3- Hike to Uchisar Castle:
This hike takes place on the side of Uchisar Castle. The castle is located on top of a mountain overlooking the Göreme valley. The hike starts at 7am and lasts about three hours if you start from the entrance gate of Göreme village.
4- Uchisar Village Hike:
This hike starts at 7 am and lasts about three hours also if you start from the entrance gate of Goreme village.
5- Selime-Sarikavak Trail
The Selime-Sarikavak hiking trail is one of the most beautiful hiking trails in Turkey. It is located in the Cappadocia region, famous for its breathtaking scenery and rock formations. This trail is a very challenging route that starts from the small village of Selime and ends at the Sarikavak waterfall. The total distance of this hike is about 12 kilometres.
The hike starts in Selime Village and then crosses a canyon before reaching the waterfall. Hikers will have to cross a small river, which can be difficult during the rainy season.
After crossing the river, hikers will enter another canyon. They will continue walking until they reach their destination at the Sarikavak waterfall. This hike is accessible all year round. However, it is best done in the spring or summer due to the heavy rains during the winter months.
- St Paul's Trail
The St Paul Trail is an excellent way to explore this area. It is about 100 kilometres long and takes about 5 days to complete. But you can also do it in as little as 3 days if you are an experienced hiker. The trail passes through dense forests and through several villages along the way. It starts in Antalya, which is one of the most popular destinations in Turkey. You will need a car or taxi to get there.
From Antalya, you can start the hike eastwards towards Kuscetiye. Then you pass through the village of Kiris near the Beydaglar Dam. Then continue through the forest until you reach another dam on the Demircik Menderes River. From here it is possible to take a taxi back to Antalya or continue on foot to the village of Kuscetiye.
- The Olympos Trail
Olympos (Olympus) is one of the oldest hiking trails in Turkey. It starts in Antalya and ends in the town of Olympos. The route passes through beautiful forests and mountains with a breathtaking view of the Mediterranean Sea. You will see many ancient ruins along the way, including an abandoned village and old churches.
- The Ağaçköprü Trail
Hiking from Iznik (Nicea) to Ağaçköprü is an incredible experience. This trail offers beautiful views of Lake İznik and the surrounding fields and forests. The starting point of the trail is called Rüstem Paşa Kervansarayı (caravanserai). This was built by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1556. The caravanserai was recently restored and is now used as a museum.
- The Lycian Way
The Lycian Way is a 550 km trail that starts in Fethiye and ends in Antalya. It is a historic path used by the Greeks and Romans, who built many temples along its route. The route covers most of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, including many ancient ruins such as Xanthos and Patara.
The route is marked by red and yellow markers. You can find them everywhere along its length. In fact, they are visible even in some villages painted on walls or fences by local volunteers.
Hiking the Lycian Way requires stamina and good physical condition. There are steep ascents and descents along narrow paths with boulders, steep cliffs and sharp drop-offs. It can be hot in summer but also very cold in winter, especially at night, so make sure you bring warm clothes!
- The Great Lycian Way
The Great Lycian Way is another popular hike that runs parallel to the Lycian Way. However, it travels inland through the province of Antalya instead of along the coast. Thus, it is not as exposed to the sun or rain if you are hiking in summer or winter respectively. The trail starts at Hisarönü Square, just outside of downtown Antalya. It then heads north past Demre (the original birthplace of St Nicholas) before turning east towards Finike.
- The Uluabat Mountain Trail
The Uluabat Mountain National Park is located near the town of Isparta. It covers an area of about 30 square kilometres. It consists of mountains, valleys and streams with lush vegetation. In addition to its natural beauty, the area is also famous for its many caves carved out by water erosion over the centuries.
II- Tours by train or boat;
- Boat and Ferry Trips
In the greater Istanbul area, ferries can be the most efficient (and enjoyable) way to travel. On the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, boats are mainly used for sightseeing and boating. Şehir Hatları, a subsidiary of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, and the private companies Dentur Avrasya and Turyol provide regular ferry services in Istanbul. On the other hand, the İDO offers boats to Yalova and Bandırma (both in the Marmara region) and to Bursa. They also offer a sea bus to Istanbul's Princes Islands. From Bodrum and other Aegean resorts, ferries run frequently between Turkey and the Greek islands in summer.
- Travel by train
The high-speed railway line connects Istanbul and Ankara (with a stop in Eskişehir). It reduces the travel time between the two cities to about four hours compared to the regular train. For now, however, the Istanbul terminus is in Pendik, far from the city centre.
A fast train also runs between Ankara and Konya, from where passengers can switch to a regular train to Adana. Eskişehir is a transfer point for regular trains to Izmir.
Train comfort in Turkey
Dining cars on trains between major cities usually have waiter service and offer decent, inexpensive food. Night express trains have sleeping cars and bunk beds. The popular Ankara-Kars run (the Doğu Ekspresi), for example, costs about 50 TL for a berth in a twin room. Although advance reservations are essential, cancellations are common. So you can often get a place at the last minute.
Fares
Fares are generally lower for trains than for buses. And, return train fares cost less than two single tickets. Student discounts are 20%. Ticket offices in railway stations can be identified by the word gişeleri. Some post offices and licensed travel agencies also sell train tickets. It is advisable to book in advance, in person, for seats on the best trains and for dormitories.
Long-distance trains offer a number of accommodation options. For example, Pullman offers first class reclining seats, six- or eight-seat reclining or non-reclining compartments, berths with four-way shared compartments, and private berths or twin compartments. In Turkish, Pullman is Pulman, the compartment is kompartımanlı, the berth is kuşetli and the sleeper is yataklı.
Most stations do not accept credit cards, foreign money or travellers' cheques, so be prepared to pay in Turkish lira. Turkish Railways (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları) operates a nationwide rail service. The website is useful and provides information on how to buy tickets online or at the station as well as timetables and maps. Seat61.com is another useful website on train travel in Europe and Turkey. Eurail and Interrail passes can be used in Turkey.
III- Beaches;
1- PATARA BEACH
Patara beach is the longest and most beautiful stretch of sand in Turkey. It is adjacent to vast Lycian ruins. Patara is also one of the nesting places of the protected Caretta Caretta turtles. This does not detract from its beauty, but it does limit where you can place your umbrellas.
2- CLEOPATRA BEACH
Alanya is one of the most popular holiday destinations in southwest Turkey. Cleopatra beach is its jewel. Adjacent to the city centre, it is also one of the easiest to reach. Numerous beachside cafes and restaurants are spread along the shoreline. Water sports services are plentiful.
3- OVABÜKÜ PLAJI
This quiet beach on the Datça peninsula is like an escape. The rich landscape of pine- and olive-tree-topped hills gives way to the deep blue waters of the Aegean Sea. If you make it this far, be sure to drive the extra 38km to the west to visit the ruins of Knidos.
4- KAPUTAŞ BEACH
Nestled between two dramatic cliffs on the road between Kalkan and Kaş, Kaputaş beach feels like stepping into a photograph. With turquoise Mediterranean water, this beach is small. but thanks to its ideal location near a major road, it is frequented in large numbers. Because the beach lies at the foot of deep cliffs, from which many stairs descend, the noise of the road is a distant memory as you wade into the water.
5- OLYMPOS
Ideal for cool and quirky travellers who want to stay in a rustic, hidden tree house in Şaban Tree Houses. Olympos beach is relaxed and charming. The cove contains calm waters and the sandy beach gives way to vast ruins nestled in dense forests. Olympos lies on the Lycian Way, so there are many walks in the area for those who want to explore further.
6- ÖLÜDENIZ
This beautiful walk just a few minutes outside the town of Fethiye is one of Turkey's most iconic beaches. The long bend of the white sandy beach against the azure waters has been referred to as the Blue Lagoon. The latter actually refers to the lagoon which is mainly surrounded by the sandbank at the northern end of the beach. It is part of the Ölüdeniz Nature Park. The long and beautiful beach and the almost constant winds have made Ölüdeniz a popular destination for holidaymakers and paragliders, who enjoy the view of the beach from above.
7- IZTUZU BEACH
It is known as a nesting area for Caretta Caretta turtles in June and July. Iztuzu beach is located on a narrow strip of land that separates the Mediterranean from the Dalyan River. In order to protect the turtles, the beach is closed to swimming at night. But during the day, it is a quiet cove to cool off.
8- LIMANAĞZI
This small bay opposite the main port of Kaş is only accessible by boat (or by hiking). This makes it the ideal refuge from the hustle and bustle of the city centre. On the small beach you can rent chairs and buy a drink at the small bar. Limanağzı is a perfect place for a relaxed swim during a long day of relaxation.
9- BUTTERFLY VALLEY
Accessible only by boat or by a perilous descent down a cliff, the Butterfly Valley beach lies at the bottom of a wide valley (a protected nature reserve) below the village of Faralya. The clear turquoise waters and lush nature attract a relaxed crowd. Boats leave daily from Ölüdeniz.
10- ALAÇATI
Nestled in the Çeşme peninsula west of Izmir, Alaçatı beach is most famous for windsurfing and kitesurfing. Adventure enthusiasts flock here to enjoy the constant gusts blowing in from the Aegean Sea. There are many beach clubs, as well as quieter bays where you can relax by the clear water. The town of Alaçatı is cobbled and charming, with bougainvillea in bloom.
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IV- Monuments;
1- Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Wisdom)
This soaring building is perhaps the greatest work of Byzantine architecture. In fact, for almost a thousand years, from its completion in 537, it was the largest and most important religious monument in the world. As Emperor Justinian may have intended, the impression that will stay with you longest, years after a visit, is the sight of the dome.
The architecture
When you enter, the half domes deceive you before the large space opens up with the huge dome. The dome is almost 18 stories high and over 100 feet wide, towering above. Look up and you'll see the spectacle of thousands of golden tiles glinting in the light from 40 windows. Only St Peter's in Rome, completed in the 17th century, surpasses St Sophia in size and grandeur. It was the cathedral of Constantinople, the heart of the city's spiritual life and the scene of imperial coronations.
A little history
When Mehmet II conquered the city in 1453, he sprinkled earth on his head before entering the church after the conquest as a sign of humility. His first order was to turn Hagia Sophia into a mosque. So, in accordance with the Islamic ban on figurative images, mosaics were covered with plaster. Successive sultans added the four minarets, the mihrab (prayer niche) and the minbar (pulpit for the imam) that visitors see today, as well as the large black medallions inscribed in Arabic with the names of Allah, Muhammad and the first caliphs. In 1935, Atatürk turned Hagia Sophia into a museum and a restoration project, including the discovery of mosaics, began.
The restoration
Recent restoration efforts have, among other things, uncovered four large and beautifully preserved mosaics of seraphim, or six-winged angels, in the dome pendant, which had been plastered over 160 years earlier.
The important works
The galleries on the upper floor contain the most complex mosaics. At the back of the south gallery are several imperial portraits, including, on the left, the empress Zoe, whose face and husband's name have obviously changed as she passed through. On the right is Emperor John Comnenus II with his Hungarian wife Irene and their son, Alexius, on the perpendicular wall.
Also on the upper level is the large 13th century Deesis mosaic of Christ flanked by the Virgin and John the Baptist, breathing in the early Renaissance life that Byzantine artists would carry westward to Italy after the city's fall to the Turks. Note how the shadows correspond to the real light source on the left. The central gallery was used by the faithful. The north gallery is famous for its graffiti, ranging from Norse runes to a full Byzantine galley under sail.
As you leave the church, through the 'warriors' vestibule', a mirror reminds you to look at the mosaic of Justinian and Constantine presenting Hagia Sophia and Constantinople respectively to the Virgin Mary. The tombs of various sultans and princes can be visited free of charge through a separate entrance at the back of Aya Sofya.
2- Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Camii)
It is only after entering the Blue Mosque that you understand the name. The interior is covered with 20,000 shimmering blue-green Iznik tiles interspersed with 260 stained glass windows. Intricate calligraphy and floral designs are painted on the ceiling. After the dark corners and stern faces of the Byzantine mosaics of Aya Sofya, this mosque seems gloriously airy and full of light.
Indeed, this favourable comparison was the intention of the architect Mehmet Ağa (a former student of the famous Ottoman architect Sinan), whose goal was to surpass the Justinian coronation (Aya Sofya). At the request of Sultan Ahmet I (ruling from 1603 to 1617), he created this masterpiece of Ottoman craftsmanship, starting in 1609 and completing it in just eight years. Indeed, many believe that he indeed managed to surpass the splendour of Aya Sofya.
3- Grand Palace Mosaic Museum (Büyük Saray Mozaikleri Müzesi)
A tantalising glimpse into Istanbul's pre-Ottoman past, the Grand Palace Mosaic Museum is small but well done. This mosaic museum is accessible through an entrance halfway down the Arasta Bazaar. It houses a fascinating exhibition of ancient Byzantine mosaics. Some of them are in situ - from the Great Palace of Byzantium. The latter was the imperial residence of the early Byzantine emperors when they ruled lands stretching from Iran to Italy and from the Caucasus to North Africa.
Few ruins remained in 1935, when archaeologists began to uncover what is thought to have been the floor of a palace courtyard, covered with some of the most elaborate and fascinating mosaics of the period, most of which date from the 6th century. They include images of animals, flowers, hunting scenes and mythological figures - idylls far removed from the pomp and elaborate ritual of the imperial court. Walking through the streets of Sultanahmet, you will see many fragments of masonry and bricks that were once part of the palace. In addition, several cisterns have been found under hotels and carpet shops, some of which are open to visitors.
4- Gülhane Parkı
There are few public green spaces in central Istanbul. This makes this park - once the private gardens of the adjacent Topkapı Palace - particularly attractive. Shaded by tall plane trees, the cobbled paths, grassy areas, gazebos and flowerbeds make it a relaxing escape from the nearby bustle of Sultanahmet. Walk to the end of the park for a breathtaking view of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. The Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam is inside the park, as is a municipal café and a few places serving tea and snacks.
5- Hippodrome (in Meydanı)
It takes a bit of imagination to appreciate the hippodrome - once a Byzantine stadium for chariot races with 100,000 seats - as there is not much here anymore. Notably absent are the rows of seats that once surrounded the track and the life-size bronze sculpture of four horses that once graced the stadium. In fact, the Venetians looted the statue during the Fourth Crusade.
You can, however, see several other monuments that once adorned the central podium. The Dikilitaş (Egyptian obelisk) probably marked the finish line. The very partial Yılanlı Sütun (serpentine column) was taken from the temple of Apollo in Delphi, Greece, where it was dedicated after the Greek victory over Persian invaders in the 5th century BC.
The Örme Sütun (Column of Constantine Porphyrogenitus) was once entirely covered with gilded bronze, which was stripped by vandals during the Fourth Crusade. Closer to the tram stop is a much more recent addition: a neo-Byzantine fountain which was a gift from the German government in 1901, commemorating the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Istanbul three years earlier.
6- Bebek
One of Istanbul's most fashionable suburbs, Bebek is particularly popular with wealthy boaters, thanks to the area's lovely natural harbour. The area on the European side has a number of cafes and restaurants on both sides of the main coastal road and some upmarket shops selling clothes and jewellery. There is also a small shady public park on the waterfront. The stretches of coastline to the north and south of Bebek are perfect for a walk. Bebek is about 20-30 minutes by taxi from the centre of Istanbul.
7- Kapalı Çarşı (Covered Bazaar)
The vast complex behind Ulu Cami includes many adjoining "hans" (or "kervansarays", that is, inns for merchants) surrounding a bedesten (the central part of a covered bazaar, which is vaulted and fireproofed). The sultans of Bursa began building bazaars in the 14th century to finance the construction or maintenance of their schools, mosques and soup bars.
The compound was soon covered with roofs, creating the first form of covered bazaar. At the end of the century, Yıldırım Beyazıt perfected the concept by building a bedesten with six parts connected by arches and topped by 14 domes. The complex was razed to the ground by a huge earthquake in 1855 and sections were badly burnt by fire in the 1950s. But the Kapalı Çarşı has been lovingly restored to give a flavour of the past. Best buys here include gold jewellery, thick Turkish cotton towels (for which Bursa is famous) and silk items.
8- Muradiye Tombs
The complex around the Sultan Murat II Camii (built between 1425 and 1426) is probably the most serene resting place in the city, with 12 tombs nestled in the middle of a green park. Among those buried here are Murat (1404-1451), the father of Mehmet the Conqueror, and Mustafa (1515-1553), the eldest son of Suleiman the Magnificent, who was strangled in his father's tent.
Murat's ordinary tomb was built according to his wishes, with a hole in the roof just above the tomb to let in the rain. The most decorated tombs are those of two of Murat's grandsons, Çelebi Mehmet and Cem Sultan, which are locked. The historical complex also included a hammam nearby, a medrese (now the Uluumay Museum) and a soup restaurant for the poor (now the Darüzziyafe Restaurant).
9- Uludağ Milli Parkı (Uludağ National Park)
To fully understand why Bursa is called Green Bursa, visit the lush Uludağ Milli Parkı. The 30-minute trip in the state-of-the-art cable car (gondola) - one of the longest in the world - is worth it just for the view. The first station, Sarıalan Point (1,700 metres), is lively in summer, with restaurants and picnic areas. In winter, skiers and disco go to the 5,938-foot Oteller Bölgesi (hotel area), 7 km higher. The teleferik departure station is 15 minutes away from Heykel. Board a dolmuş (shared taxi) just behind the Bursa Kent Müzesi for 2 TL or hail a taxi. There are also various hiking trails in the mountains between Bursa and Uludağ. The hike takes about three hours each way.
10- Kuşadası
A small fishing village until the 1970s, Kuşadası is now a sprawling, hyperactive city with a year-round population of about 110,000, rising to about half a million in season with the influx of tourists, mainly cruise ship passengers disembarking to make a mad dash for Ephesus - and Turks with holiday homes. Although the town has lost most of its local charm to overgrown and sterile buildings, souvenir shops and tacky tourist restaurants, its long waterfront is lively and pleasant, with many ice-cream stalls, simple cafes and a small but well-used public beach.
11- Uçhisar Kalesi (Uçhisar Castle)
The highest fairy chimney in Cappadocia, Uçhisar Kalesi offers the most spectacular views in the region, except for a hot air balloon. Called 'Uçhisar Castle' in Turkish, the giant rocky outcrop was used as a fortress in the late Byzantine and early Ottoman periods and later inhabited by the locals.
The striking formation is riddled with rock-cut dwellings, giving it a Swiss cheese appearance, but it was evacuated in the 1960s when erosion put everything in danger of collapsing and the structure was declared a disaster area (residents were moved to safer homes in the surrounding area). The summit of Uçhisar Kalesi, reached by a steep climb up recently installed steps, is a beautiful place to watch the sunset. On a clear day, you can see as far as Mount Erciyes, 57 km away.
12- Ankara Kalesi
Ankara's main historical sites are clustered around its ancient citadel (known as Hisar or Kale in Turkish), perched on a hill overlooking the city. Although the precise origins of the citadel are not known, the inner and outer walls that stand today are thought to date from the period between the 7th and 9th centuries, during the Byzantine era. Although the modern city has developed around the citadel, the interior of the walls has retained an almost village-like atmosphere. The whole area has winding alleys, cobbled streets and old houses built with wood and plaster.
The municipality has recently cleaned up the entrance area, but some parts of the district inside the citadel remain quite dilapidated. The easiest place to enter the citadel is from Parmak Kapısı (Finger Gate), also known as Saat Kapısı (Clock Gate), opposite the Çukurhan divan. Then head towards the centre, where you will see the restored Şark Kulesi (eastern tower). Climb the stone steps leading to the tower's upper ramparts for an excellent panoramic view of the city.
13- Trabzon
Trabzon has a spectacular location, perched on a hill overlooking the sea, with green mountains behind. Once the capital of the empire founded in 1204 by Alexis Comnenus, grandson of a Byzantine emperor, the city was famous for its golden towers and glittering mosaics. The Trabzon of today seems far removed from this imperial past. The city is bustling and modern, with a busy harbour, crowded streets and seemingly little to distinguish it from many other provincial Turkish cities.
However, you only have to dig a little to get beneath the modern surface. Churches from the Byzantine era, such as Trabzon's charming Aya Sofya, a smaller version of the church of the same name in Istanbul, stand not far from the modern flat blocks.
Meanwhile, the old town with its Ottoman-era houses, pedestrian streets and bustling bazaar is a nice break from the concrete and crowds.
V- Architectural attractions;
1- Galata Tower (Galata Kulesi)
The Galata area was a prosperous Italian colony both before and after the fall of Constantinople. In fact, the Genoese built this tower as part of their fortifications in 1348. At that time, they controlled the northern bank of the Golden Horn. The hillside location provided a good defence, as well as a perch from which to monitor the comings and goings of ships in the sea lanes below.
The 220 foot tower was later used as a prison and others as a fire tower. Today it houses a restaurant at the top. In fact, the observation gallery offers fabulous panoramic views of the city and the Golden Horn and Marmara Sea. It is accessible by lift and open during the day for a fairly high fee. But it should be noted that similar views can be obtained from the roofs of cafes and restaurants around the area.
2- Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı)
Abdülmecid I, whose spendthrift lifestyle later bankrupted the empire, had this palace built from 1843 to 1856 as a symbol of Turkey's march towards European-style modernisation. It is also where Atatürk died (and all the clocks in the palace are set to his time of death). Its name means "filled garden", inspired by the imperial garden planted here by Sultan Ahmet I (ruler from 1603 to 1617).
Abdülmecid gave father and son Garabet and Nikoğos Balyan complete freedom and an unlimited budget. Moreover, the only requirement was that the palace "surpass any other palace of any other potentate anywhere in the world." The result is an extraordinary mix of Turkish and European architectural and decorative styles, as exaggerated and showy as a palace should be, and as gaudy as Versailles. Dolmabahçe is divided into a public 'Selamlık' and a private 'Harem' (the latter can only be seen on separate guided tours). The tours together last about 90 minutes. After the tour(s), take time to walk along the nearly ½ km (¼ mile) long waterfront façade and through the formal gardens. In fact, the Crystal Pavilion and the Clock Museum are located in the garden.
3- Ortakoy Mosque
The Ortakoy Mosque is the magnificent mosque in the beautiful city of Istanbul. Officially, the mosque is known as the Great Mecidiye Mosque.
The padishahs swam in boats to participate in the namaz at Ortakoy. The mosque is located on the cape called by the Byzantines the key to the Bosphorus.
The Ortakoy Mosque consists of the Sultan's harem and personal space. The prayer niche is made of marble and mosaics. One of the characteristics of this mosque is its high and wide windows which let in a lot of sunlight reflected from the waters of the Bosphorus, creating a beautiful effect.
The area adjacent to the mosque had a rather dubious reputation, as frivolous people lived there.
4- Ulu Cami (Great Mosque of Bursa)
The most important mosque in Bursa dates back to 1399, when Sultan Beyazıt had it built after vowing to build 20 mosques if he won the battle of Nicopolis in Macedonia. However, he settled for a compromise, building a huge mosque with 20 domes. The interior is beautifully decorated with an elegantly sober display of quotations from the Koran in fine calligraphy. The fountain, with taps on the sides for ritual ablution before prayer, is inside the mosque rather than outside the entrance - an unusual feature.
Where to start when visiting Turkey for the first time
Spanning two continents crossed by the Bosphorus Strait and brimming with history and culture, Istanbul is never boring. This makes it the perfect place to start your discovery of Turkey when you're travelling there for the first time. Explore ancient basilicas and Byzantine churches, modern art galleries, sultan's palaces and bustling markets as you make your way around the city. Three days is enough to get a taste of a place that never seems to stop moving.
DAY 1
Start the day:
Start your day early in the morning in the old town of Sultanahmet. Visit the splendid Aya Sofya, a rose-coloured Byzantine church that became an imperial mosque when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, and underwent a final transformation into a museum shortly after the founding of the Turkish Republic in the early 20th century. Admire the gold-flecked mosaics that decorate the walls.
Then cross the street to the Basilica Cistern, where you can descend into the cool, dark depths of the Byzantine-era waterway. Nearby is the Topkapı Palace, the seat of the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century, where the Sultan maintained his court and harem. Spend time admiring the harem's intricate tiles and ornate rooms with stunning views of the Bosphorus.
Afternoon:
Stop for lunch at Tarihi Sultanahmet Köftecisi, a historic no-frills shop in the heart of Sultanahmet serving perfectly prepared meatballs, to fuel up for the afternoon. Hop on the tram and make two stops to Beyazit, where you'll find the entrance to the Grand Bazaar. Filled with winding, labyrinthine paths and brimming with shops selling everything from leather goods to colourful carpets to pocket watches, the Grand Bazaar is a great place to get lost.
Shopkeepers often invite you in for tea while you haggle over prices; it's a place to shop at a leisurely pace. When you've found your perfect souvenirs and are out of the bazaar, walk a short distance to the Süleymaniye Mosque, where you can soak up the view of the city from one of the city's most renowned mosques.
Overnight:
Go for dinner at Hamdi Restaurant, a kebab house with a stunning view of the Golden Horn.
DAY 2
Early day:
Fuel up with a hearty full breakfast at one of the city's many kahvaltı places, such as Van Kahvaltı Evi (Kılıçali Paşa Mahallesi, Defterdar Ykş. 52/A, Beyoğlu) before heading off to explore the other side of European Istanbul in Beyoğlu. This is the city's bustling cultural centre, where Istanbul's art scene flourishes. Visit the temporary Istanbul Modern space in Asmalımescit. Here the museum has moved while its usual building on the banks of the Bosphorus goes through a reconstruction phase.
Afternoon:
Then dive into the nearby independent gallery scene, with favourites such as Galerist, DEPO and Zilberman Gallery, all of which feature innovative exhibitions by local and international artists.
Beyoğlu's cosmopolitan vibe is rooted in its late Ottoman history, when the neighbourhood was home mainly to Greeks, Jews, Armenians and other Ottoman minorities. Learn about Turkey's Jewish history at the Jewish Museum, which has comprehensive exhibits about the Jewish residents who made Istanbul their home.
Stroll along İstiklal Caddesi, the main pedestrian boulevard, towards Taksim Square. Then, from there, take the funicular down to the coastal road, where you will find Dolmabahçe Palace. This was the 'European' style imperial residence to which the Ottoman sultans moved in the 19th century, and you can visit the luxurious and decadent interiors.
At night:
For dinner, you can choose to dine at a meyhane like Sıdıka in Beşiktaş (near Dolmabahçe Palace), specialising in freshly prepared Aegean meze and seasonal fish. Or head to Aheste in Beyoğlu, where the stylish and innovative contemporary menu draws on Persian, Arabic and Turkish influences.
DAY 3
Early day:
After two days of exploring Istanbul's European side, board a transcontinental ferry and set off for the varied textures of Asia. Sip Turkish tea during the 20-minute ride and enjoy the view of the city from the water. You'll disembark in Kadıköy, a lively and trendy neighbourhood on the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus. Stroll through the area's winding, tree-lined streets and notice the colourful murals that cover many of the buildings.
Finally, head to the Kadıköy Fish Market, where vendors sell their fresh catch along with an abundance of fruits and vegetables, silky olives, chunks of cottage cheese, strong sour pickles, and more.
afternoon:
Head to Çiya for lunch, where the constantly rotating daily menu uses seasonal produce to prepare regional recipes from the southeast.
Hop in a taxi or dolmuş and take a short ride to Üsküdar, a more conservative neighbourhood. Here you can see some splendid Ottoman-era mosques and discover another side of Istanbul's Asian side. The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque and the Yeni Valide Mosque are both central and easy to visit.
Then continue along the coast to the Beylerbeyi Palace. This is a former Ottoman summer palace that lies just under the Bosphorus Bridge. It's a fairly short (15 minutes) or long (one hour) walk. Sit in the tea garden by the water and enjoy a quiet moment in this bustling city.
Shopping in Turkey
Despite the growing importance of shopping malls, for many Turks there is still no better place to shop than the local weekly pazar, which sells everything from olives to underwear to excellent street food.
I- Istanbul
Istanbul has been a shopping city for centuries. The vast Grand Bazaar has been open since 1461. It can easily be considered the oldest commercial centre in the world. But this does not mean that the city still lives in the glory of the past. In addition to its colourful bazaars and open-air markets, Istanbul also offers a wide range of modern shopping options. Indeed, huge new shopping malls seem to be springing up everywhere alongside small independent shops. Either way, it's almost impossible to leave Istanbul without buying something and some say you haven't really discovered the city until you take a trip to the Grand Bazaar or the Spice Bazaar.
Whether you're looking for trinkets and souvenirs, kilims and carpets, brass and silverware, jewellery, leather goods, old books, prints and maps, or furniture and clothing (Turkish textiles are some of the best in the world), you can find it all in this city. Shopping in Istanbul also gives a glimpse of the contrasts and contradictions of the city: migrants from rural Turkey haggle with tourists and sell their wares on the streets while wealthy shoppers browse the designer goods found in the luxurious Western-style department stores.
Where to shop in Istanbul?
1- İstiklal Caddesi
İstiklal Caddesi is a pedestrian boulevard with everything from global brands like Levi's to big Turkish companies like Mavi, to small bookstores and old-fashioned shoe shops. Unfortunately, the ever-increasing rental prices mean there are fewer and fewer independent local shops located on İstiklal these days. Down the hill from İstiklal, Çukurcuma Caddesi is home to a mix of antique shops selling everything from small Ottoman-era trinkets to huge antique marble bathtubs. Meanwhile, the characterful Galata and Karaköy districts are becoming hot spots for independent boutiques and intriguing shops selling clothes, jewellery, household goods and art created by up-and-coming local designers.
2- Jewellery
Istanbul is also a good place to buy jewellery. Turkey has a long tradition of jewellery making. Many jewellers have excellent skills in working with both gold and silver. While local brands often tend to copy European designs in their collections, there has been a recent trend to create beautiful pieces with a local flavour, using traditional designs or taking charms from the Ottoman era and putting them in silver or gold. The jewellery sold in the Grand Bazaar and in the high-end shops in Nişantaşı tend to be quite classic and high quality. if you are looking for something a little more unusual or cheaper, try the small shops in Beyoğlu or Galata.
3- Alaturque
Designed more like a grand mansion than a shop, Alaturca has four floors housing a carefully selected and very high-end collection of antiques, including art, ceramics, ironwork and